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Content:Hassler, Uwe, Jürgen Wolters: Hysteresis in Unemployment Rates? A Comparison between Germany and the US JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 119-129.
+ show abstract- hide abstractIn this paper we compare the unemployment dynamics of the US and Germany with monthly
data up to 2008. With data from 1971 on the evidence is mixed when applying descriptive
methods or formal unit root tests. When allowing for fractional integration, however, we
find similar results to the literature in that shocks to US data seem to be transitory while having
permanent effects on German unemployment. This difference in hysteresis, however, depends
on the sample. Using recursive and rolling techniques we observe that shocks in US subsamples
until the mid-nineties are clearly more transitory than in more recent subsamples.We conclude
that hysteresis has turned into a dominating feature also on US labour market more recently. Available in: English Smolny, Werner: Wage Adjustment, Competitiveness and Unemployment – East Germany after Unification JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 130-145.
+ show abstract- hide abstractNearly 20 years after unification large differences of the labor market situation in East and
West Germany persist. Wages are still considerably lower, the unemployment rate is about
twice of the West German level, and the competitiveness of the East German economy seems
to be low. This paper analyzes the process of (relative) wage adjustment in East Germany and
the resulting development of competitiveness and unemployment differentials. We present estimates
of the wage adjustment in East vs. West Germany based on wage convergence and
effects of unemployment on wage growth. The central focus of the paper is the empirical analysis
of the interaction of the development of competitiveness and the labor market situation.
The results reveal large equilibrium gaps for wages and unemployment which are based on the
wage-setting process, the behavior of competitiveness and the adjustment of unemployment. Available in: English Löschel, Andreas, Ulrich Oberndorfer: Oil and Unemployment in Germany JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 146-162.
+ show abstract- hide abstractIn this paper, we analyze oil price impacts on unemployment for Germany. Firstly, we survey
theoretical and empirical literature on the oil-unemployment relationship and relate them to
the German case. Secondly, we illustrate this issue within the framework of a vector autoregression
(VAR) approach for Germany. For this purpose,we use three different specifications in
order to adequately address the uncertainty related to the construction of an adequate oil variable.
Using monthly data from 1973 to 2008, we show that oil price increases induce a rise in
unemployment in the German labor market. Moreover, for a restricted sample period for postunification
Germany, we oppose claims that the oil to macroeconomy relationship has weakened
since the 1980s. However, our results suggest that it has become more important to
construct adequate measures of oil price variables. Available in: English Börsch-Supan, Axel, Alexander Ludwig: Living Standards in an Aging Germany: The Benefits of Reforms and the Costs of Resistance JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 163-179.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThe extent of the demographic change in Europe and especially Germany is dramatic and will
deeply affect future labor, financial and goods markets. The expected strain on public budgets
and especially social security has received prominent attention, but aging poses many other
economic challenges that threaten growth and living standards if they remain unaddressed.
This paper investigates the potential benefits of pension and labor market reform for growth
and living standards, taking into account behavioral reactions to specific reforms. Which behavioral
reactions will strengthen, which will weaken reform policies? While Germany has a
large unfunded pension system and vulnerable labor markets, Germans show remarkable resistance
against pension and labor market reform. Can Germanymaintain its standard of living
even if behavioral reactions offset some of the current reform efforts? The paper uses a novel
modeling approach to distinguish between exogenous and endogenous components of labor
supply in order to shed light on these questions. Available in: English Heinemann, Friedrich, Ivo Bischoff, Tanja Hennighausen: Choosing from the Reform Menu Card – Individual Determinants of Labour Market Policy Preferences JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 180-197.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis contribution empirically explores the drivers of labour market reform acceptance for the
individual level in Germany. For that purpose we make use of the representative German General
Social Survey (ALLBUS). This survey offers data to which extent individuals support benefit
cuts, longer working years, cutting subsidies to declining industries, phasing out of employment
programmes, or a liberalisation of employment protection. Our theoretical considerations
suggest that self-interest, information, fairness judgements, economic beliefs and other
individual factors such as socialisation under the communist regime in the former German
Democratic Republic drive individual reform preferences. Our empirical results support
this notion: While we find self-interest to be an important driving force, our results show
that a number of factors well beyond the narrow scope of self-interest strongly shape individual
reform preferences. Available in: English Gerlach, Knut, Olaf Hübler: Employment Adjustments on the Internal and External Labour Market – An Empirical Study with Personnel Records of a German Company JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 198-213.
+ show abstract- hide abstractFirms are affected by the product demand. This leads to employment adjustments. In the literature
we find only very few contributions investigating the issue whether internal adjustments
are linked and which relationships exist with external adjustments. Are they of a complementary
or substitutive nature? Furthermore, it is of interest to find out, whether we can observe an
obvious trend and whether the adjustments are driven by cyclical movements.
For this study we have an extensive data set of a large German manufacturing company, which
supplies innovative products for the domestic and internationalmarket, provided on amonthly
base from January 1999 to December 2005. The empirical analysis starts with descriptive statistics.
We find that the employment adjustment cycle coincides only to a certain degree with
the macroeconomic cycle. Internal and external adjustments are more characterized by complementarity
than by substitution. Over the observed period we cannot detect analogous wage
adjustments. It is noticeable that in 2003 compared with the years before the number of employees
is substantially reduced. The econometric investigation is based on a two-stage approach.
We start with a bivariate probit estimation in order to extract the relationship between
the probability of overtime and of promotion. Unobserved variables have opposite effects on
the former and the latter adjustment instrument. Furthermore, we detect a negative trend of
internal employment adjustments. Cyclical effects are ambiguous. The next step, the determination
of external adjustments with respect to overtime and promotion adjustments, is split
into two estimates. On the one hand we do not distinguish between the type of external employment
adjustment and on the other hand we use this information separating between quits,
layoffs, workers with a cancellation agreement and with a transition into a transfer organisation.
The first approach demonstrates that a promotion reduces the probability to leave
the firm while overtime is positively associated with an external job change. This pattern holds
generally speaking in the second, more detailed estimates. Quits are the exception. In this case
we observe opposite effects. Finally, we cannot detect any influences of promotions on cancellation
agreements. Available in: English Antonczyk, Dirk, Bernd Fitzenberger, Ute Leuschner: Can a Task-Based Approach Explain the Recent Changes in the German Wage Structure? JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 214-238.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis paper investigates the changes in the German wage structure for full-time working males
from 1999 to 2006. Our analysis builds on the task-based approach introduced by Autor et al.
(2003), as implemented by Spitz-Oener (2006) for Germany, and also accounts for job complexity.
We perform a Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition of the changes in the entire wage
distribution between 1999 and 2006 into the separate effects of personal characteristics and
task assignments. In line with the literature, we find a noticeable increase of wage inequality
between 1999 and 2006. The decomposition results show that the changes in personal characteristics
explain some of the increase in wage inequality whereas the changes in task assignments
strongly work towards reducing wage inequality. The coefficient effect for personal
characteristics works towards an increase in wage inequality at the top of the wage distribution.
The coefficient effect for the task assignments on the contrary shows an inverted U-shaped
pattern. We conclude that altogether the task-based approach can not explain the recent increase
of wage inequality in Germany. Available in: English Guertzgen, Nicole: Firm Heterogeneity and Wages under Different Bargaining Regimes: Does a Centralised Union Care for Low-Productivity Firms? JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 239-253.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis paper studies the relationship between wages and the degree of firm heterogeneity in a
given industry under different wage setting structures. To derive testable hypotheses, we set up
a theoretical model that analyses the sensitivity of wages to the variability in productivity conditions
in a unionised oligopoly framework. The model distinguishes centralised and decentralised
wage determination. The theoretical results predict wages to be negatively associated
with the degree of firm heterogeneity under centralised wage-setting, as unions internalise negative
externalities of a wage increase for low-productivity firms.We test this prediction using
a linked employer-employee panel data set from the German mining and manufacturing sector.
Consistent with our hypotheses, the empirical results suggest that under industry-level bargaining
workers in more heterogeneous sectors receive lower wages than workers in more homogeneous
sectors. In contrast, the degree of firm heterogeneity is found to have no negative impact
on wages in uncovered firms and under firm-level contracts. Available in: English Entorf, Horst: Crime and the Labour Market: Evidence from a Survey of Inmates JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 254-269.
+ show abstract- hide abstractIn this paper data from a survey of 1,771 inmates conducted in 31 German prisons provide
microeconometric evidence on the relationship between individual anticipated labour market
opportunities and the perceived probability of future recidivism. Results show that inmates
with poor labour market prospects expect a significantly higher rate of future recidivism. Having
a closer look at subgroups of prisoners reveals that drug and alcohol addiction cause adverse
effects. Thus, improving prisoner health care by installing effective anti-drug programmes
would be one of the most effective measures against crime. Available in: English Möller, Joachim, Annie Tubadji: The Creative Class, Bohemians and Local Labor Market Performance JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 270-291.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThe paper aims at testing Florida’s concept of the Creative Class using panel data for 323West
German regions for the time period 1975–2004. Applying a dynamic system approach based
on GMM, we find that the local concentration of the Creative Class has predictive power for
the economic development of a region and tends to outperform traditional indicators of human
capital. However, our results do not support Florida’s assertion that the creative workers flock
where the Bohemians are. According to our findings, the Creative Class is attracted by favorable
economic conditions as indicated by employment growth or an increasing wage bill. Available in: English Buettner, Thiess, Alexander Ebertz: Spatial Implications of Minimum Wages JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 292-312.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis paper addresses possible consequences of a minimum wage in a spatial context. An empirical
analysis utilizing German data shows that a significant spatial wage structure exists and
that, as a consequence, the share of workers earning wages below a minimum wage will be
particularly high in rural counties even if we control for educational and occupational differences.
A theoretical analysis discusses the implications for the spatial structure of the economy
and shows that while the wages in the countryside will be affected positively, wages will decline
in the city, where employment and population rise.Workers in the city will further suffer from
an increase in housing costs. This supports concerns that urban poverty might increase as a
result of the introduction of a minimum wage. Available in: English Zimmermann, Volker: The Impact of Innovation on Employment in Small and Medium Enterprises with Different Growth Rates JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 313-326.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThis article examines the impact of innovation on employment growth in innovating small and
medium enterprises. In contrast to existing studies, which typically use the least squares estimation
technique, quantile regressions were carried out to analyse the data. This method allows
one to examine the effects of innovation at any desired point on the distribution function –
for example, in firms experiencing positive or negative growth – providing a more complete
picture of the relationship between innovation and employment growth than the standard
method of viewing deviations in the average effect. The key finding of the study is that innovation
has a positive effect on employment in both growing and shrinking small and medium
enterprises. In addition, innovation has a much stronger impact on employee headcounts in
companies that are already experiencing strong growth than in their slower growing or shrinking
counterparts. When differentiating between product and process innovations, the analysis
shows that the introduction of new or improved processes has a larger impact on employment
than product innovations. Thus, positive employment effects of innovations are not restricted
to narrow segments of the economy. Economic policy aimed at bolstering the innovative
strength of firms is thus a strong encouragement to employment on a broad basis. Available in: English Bertschek, Irene, Jenny Meyer: Do Older Workers Lower IT-Enabled Productivity? Firm-Level Evidence from Germany JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 327-342.
+ show abstract- hide abstractThe paper provides empirical evidence for the question whether firms’ IT-enabled labour productivity
is affected by the age structure of the workforce. We apply a production function
approach with heterogenous labour to firm-level data from German manufacturing and services
industries. We find that workers older than 49 are not significantly less productive than
prime age workers, whereas workers younger than 30 are significantly less productive than
prime age workers. Older workers using a computer are significantly more productive than
older non-computer users. The positive and significant relationship between labour productivity
and IT intensity is not affected by the proportion of older workers. Available in: English
Book Reviews Allen, Franklin, Douglas Gale: Financial Crises (International Library of Critical Writings in Economics) JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 343-343.
Allen, Franklin, Douglas Gale: Understanding Financial Crises JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 343-343.
Brandstätter, Jana: International divergierende demographische Entwicklungen und internationale Kapitalbewegungen JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 345-346.
Eekhoff, Johann, Vera Bünnagel, Susanna Kochskämper, Kai Menzel: Bürgerprivatversicherung: Ein neuer Weg für das Gesundheitswesen JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 347-349.
Kimmel, Christoph: Vermögenspreisinflation als wirtschaftspolitische Herausforderung JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 350-350.
Konrad, Kai A., Beate Jochimsen (Hrsg.): Finanzkrise im Bundesstaat JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 351-352.
Mayert, Andreas: Alterssicherung und Erziehungsentscheidungen JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 353-355.
Pickhardt, Michael, Edward Shinnick (eds.): The Shadow Economy, Corruption and Governance JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 356-356.
Sloan, Frank A., Hirschel Kasper (Hrsg.): Incentives and Choice in Health Care JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 357-357.
Walther, Steffen: Berechnungsmethoden des Produktionspotenzials JBNST - Vol. 229/2+3 - 2009, pp. 358-358.
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